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Higher correlations


A) are common in psychological research.
B) have absolute values of around .30 and higher.
C) indicate stronger relationships between two variables.
D) indicate a perfect relationship between two variables.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

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What are physiological measures? Give examples of two types of physiological meas- ures that could be used in research on prejudice.

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Which of the following statements is true?


A) Causal relationships between variables can only be determined by laboratory research.
B) Independent variables can be manipulated in field experiments.
C) Laboratory experiments have more naturalism than do field experiments.
D) All of the above are true.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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In contrast to experimental research, ethnographic research


A) emphasizes experimental control.
B) emphasizes naturalism.
C) focuses on testing specific hypotheses and theories.
D) overlooks the research participants' point of view.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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What are unobtrusive measures? Give two examples of how such measures could be used in research on prejudice or discrimination.

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Researchers can have the most confidence in results that


A) are based on experimentation.
B) use probability sampling.
C) address highly relevant social issues.
D) are replicated using a variety of methodologies.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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Explain how researchers' theoretical orientations can affect how they interpret the meaning of their data.

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Which of the following is an example of an operational definition?


A) Empathy
B) Prejudice
C) Scores on a stereotyping scale
D) Ethnocentric bias

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Define independent variable and dependent variable. If a researcher hypothesizes that having one's self-esteem threatened leads to less prejudice, which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable?

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The-------------------of a measure is its consistency in providing essentially the same result every time it is used.


A) reliability
B) validity
C) generalizability
D) desirability

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Distinguish between direct replication and conceptual replication.

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In experimental research, the proposed cause is called the-------------------variable and the proposed effect is called the-------------------variable.


A) dependent; independent
B) dependent; causal
C) causal; independent
D) independent; dependent

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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The sign (+ or -) of a correlation coefficient indicates


A) the strength of a relationship.
B) the direction of a relationship.
C) both the strength and direction of a relationship.
D) whether the obtained results are theoretically meaningful.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Researcher A manipulates whether a research participant is insulted by a person of another race or a member of her own race and then measures the level of prejudice that the research participant reports. This is an example of a(n)


A) experiment.
B) correlational study.
C) content analysis.
D) ethnographic research study.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following statements about research findings is true?


A) Findings are usually unambiguous and not open to more than one interpretation.
B) It is not normally necessary to replicate the results of experimental research because experiments produce more reliable results than other types of research.
C) Researchers who hold different theoretical perspectives on a topic can interpret the same set of research findings in different ways.
D) The question of "What do data mean?" is a philosophical one that researchers do not need to think about.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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What is a laboratory experiment? List one advantage and one disadvantage of a labora- tory experiment relative to other types of research.

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A researcher wanted to know whether a restaurant server's religion affected the size of the tips received. For one month, a server working in a local restaurant waited on tables while prominently wearing a Christian cross on the odd-numbered days and the Star of David on the even-numbered days. This study is an example of a(n)


A) correlational study.
B) laboratory experiment.
C) field experiment.
D) ethnographic research.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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The more international trips people take, the lower their prejudice toward immi- grants is. This is an example of a(n)


A) non-significant correlation.
B) positive correlation.
C) negative correlation.
D) absolute correlation.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following is an example of a hypothetical construct?


A) Authoritarianism
B) The number of traits a person associates with businesswomen
C) Scores on the Modern Racism Scale
D) The number of times people make eye contact during a conversation

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Define content analysis. List two examples of research questions that can be studied using content analysis.

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